Mediation: In mediation, a neutral third party, known as the mediator, facilitates communication and negotiation between the parties to help them reach a voluntary agreement. Mediation is a collaborative process focused on finding common ground and resolving disputes amicably.

Arbitration: Arbitration involves presenting the dispute to a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators who render a decision after considering the evidence and arguments presented by both parties. Arbitration offers a more formal process than mediation but is generally faster and less expensive than litigation.

Negotiation: Negotiation is a direct communication process between the parties involved in the dispute, aimed at reaching a mutually acceptable resolution without the need for third-party intervention. Negotiation allows parties to maintain control over the outcome and can be conducted informally or with the assistance of legal representatives.

Conciliation: Conciliation is similar to mediation but typically involves a more active role by the conciliator in facilitating communication and encouraging settlement. Conciliation is often used in complex disputes or those involving multiple parties and can be particularly effective in preserving ongoing relationships.